project+5

1. **Describe** the [|4 components all computers have in common].

input, storage, processing, and output.

2. What is a [|dingbat]?

Special characters like stars, hands, arrows, and geometric shapes you can use to decorate a document. A collection of dingbats is found in a popular font called Wingdings.

[|How do you enter] a © (copyright symbol) in a Word document?

If you choose Symbol… on the Insert menu, you will bring up the Symbol dialog, shown below. (If you have a slow system and/or one with many fonts installed, you may find that this dialog takes an appreciable time to appear the first time you use it in a Word session, but after that it should pop up instantly.)

3. What is a [|handshake]?

Two modems perform a handshake each time they meet, just as two people shake hands to greet each other. If the modem speaker is on, you can actually hear the handshake — it’s that annoying series of squeals and signals. The handshake helps the modems determine how they will exchange information.

4. What is a [|home page]? An introductory screen on the World Wide Web, used to welcome visitors. A home page can include special underlined text or graphics you click on to jump to related information on other pages on the Web. Many individuals, businesses, and organizations now have home pages on the World Wide Web. See also WORLD WIDE WEB.

Enter the home page address (URL) of your school or your local government's web site. [] 5. What [|handles] can you not hold in your hand? Little squares at the edges and corners of a selected graphic on your screen. You can move a handle with your mouse pointer to resize or reshape the graphic.

6. What was [|ENIAC]? ENIAC, with its 17,468 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, and 6,000 manual switches, was a monument of engineering -- and an energy hog. The city of Philadelphia reportedly experienced brown-outs when ENIAC drew power at its home at the Moore School of Electrical Engingeering at the University of Pennsylvania. ||
 * || A bank of blinking lights indicate the mysterious processes going on within: That classic symbol of a computer has lasted long after computers evolved into friendly desktop tools. This was not a dream of science fiction, but a representation of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer), the gigantic machine credited with starting the modern computer age.

7. What contribution did [|Ada Byron] make to computing? Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, was one of the most picturesque characters in computer history. August Ada Byron was born December 10, 1815 the daughter of the illustrious poet, Lord Byron. Five weeks after Ada was born Lady Byron asked for a separation from Lord Byron, and was awarded sole custody of Ada who she brought up to be a mathematician and scientist. Lady Byron was terrified that Ada might end up being a poet like her father. Despite Lady Byron's programming Ada did not sublimate her poetical inclinations. She hoped to be "an analyst and a metaphysician". In her 30's she wrote her mother, if you can't give me poetry, can't you give me "poetical science?" Her understanding of mathematics was laced with imagination, and described in metaphors.

8. What kind of [|wafers] are used at Intel to make computer chips? Be specific! || || Silicon, is the most abundant element on earth except for o
 * **Silicon**
 * **Silicon**
 * **Silicon**

To make wafers, silicon is chemically processed so that it becomes 99.9999% pure. The purified silicon is melted and grown into long, cylindrical ingots. The ingots are then sliced into thin wafers that are polished until they have flawless, mirror-smooth surfaces. Then Intel manufactures chips on the polished wafers facilities called fabs.
 * 99.9999% pure** ||  ||

When Intel first began making chips, the company printed circuits on 2-inch wafers. Now the company uses both 300-millimeter (12-inch) and 200-millimeter (8-inch) wafers, resulting in larger chip yields and decreased costs || || ||
 * 2-inch to 12-inch wafers**

9. What do they call the [|suit] that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips? Cleanrooms are 10,000 times cleaner than a hospital operating room. It takes an incredible amount of technology to achieve and maintain such cleanliness. Huge air filtration systems completely change the air in cleanrooms about 10 times per minute, reducing the chance that there are airborne particles that might harm the chips. Keeping the environment clean, however, is only half of the story. What about the people who work in the cleanrooms? The thousands of people who work in Intel cleanrooms all wear special uniforms called "bunny suits" to protect the chips from human particles such as skin flakes or hairs. A bunny suit is made from a unique non-linting, anti-static fabric and is worn over street clothes.
 * [[image:http://www.intel.com/sites/templates/pix/spacer.gif width="15" height="10"]] || [[image:http://www.intel.com/education/images/manufacturing/clean.gif width="422" height="260" caption="Clean Suit"]] ||

Why is the special clothing necessary? Suiting up is a rather involved process, not to mention that every time you enter and leave a cleanroom you have to repeat the steps below: > || || If you've never done it before, putting on a bunny suit can take 30 to 40 minutes. The Intel pros can do it in five.
 * 1) Store personal items.
 * 2) Discard any gum, candy, etc.
 * 3) Remove any makeup with cleanroom soap and water.
 * 4) Take a drink of water to wash away throat particles.
 * 5) Cover any facial hair with a surgical mask or beard/mustache lint-free cover.
 * 6) Put on a lint-free head cover.
 * 7) Clean shoes with shoe cleaners.
 * 8) Put shoe cover on over shoes.
 * 9) Clean any small, pre-approved items to be taken inside.
 * 10) Pick up booties.
 * 11) Sit on "dirty" side of bench.
 * 12) Put on one bootie (over plastic shoe cover).
 * 13) Swing bootied foot to "clean" side of bench.
 * 14) Put on other bootie on "dirty" side.
 * 15) Swing bootied foot to "clean" side.
 * 16) Enter main gowning room.
 * 17) Set aside badge, pager, and any other items to be taken inside.
 * 18) Put on nylon gowning gloves.
 * 19) Obtain bunny suit and belt from hanger.
 * [[image:http://www.intel.com/sites/templates/pix/spacer.gif width="15" height="10"]] || [[image:http://www.intel.com/education/images/manufacturing/buny.jpg width="200" height="137" caption="If you've never done it before, putting on a bunny suit can take 30 to 40 minutes. The Intel pros can do it in five."]] ||
 * 1) Put on bunny suit without letting it touch the floor.
 * 2) Put on belt.
 * 3) Tuck bunny suit pant legs into booties.
 * 4) Fasten snaps at top of booties.
 * 5) Attach filter unit to belt.
 * 6) Attach battery pack to belt.
 * 7) Plug filter unit into battery pack.
 * 8) Obtain helmet, safety glasses, and ID badge from rack.
 * 9) Put on helmet.
 * 10) Tuck helmet skirt into bunny suit.
 * 11) Zip up bunny suit at shoulders.
 * 12) Attach helmet hose to filter unit.
 * 13) Tighten knob at back of helmet.
 * 14) Put on ID badge.
 * 15) Put on pager.
 * 16) Put on safety glasses.
 * 17) Obtain disposable scope shield.
 * 18) Remove protective covering from both sides of scope shield.
 * 19) Undo front helmet snaps.
 * 20) Attach face shield to helmet.
 * 21) Re-snap front helmet snaps.
 * 22) Examine attire in mirror.
 * 23) Put on latex gloves.
 * 24) Enter the cleanroom.
 * 1) Enter the cleanroom.

10. What does [|modem] stand for anyway? (Search the Webopedia site)

What does a modem do?

11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry. What is a [|bit]? A bit is a binary digit, the smallest increment of data on a computer. A bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1, corresponding to the electrical values of off or on, respectively. Because bits are so small, you rarely work with information one bit at a time. Bits are usually assembled into a group of eight to form a byte. A byte contains enough information to store a single ASCII character, like "h". A kilobyte (KB) is 1,024 bytes, not one thousand bytes as might be expected, because computers use binary (base two) math, instead of a decimal (base ten) system.

[|How many bits are in a byte]? Computer storage and memory is often measured in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB). A medium-sized novel contains about 1MB of information. 1MB is 1,024 kilobytes, or 1,048,576 (1024x1024) bytes, not one million bytes.

Use the database [|Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing] to learn ... FOLDOC is a //computing dictionary//. It includes acronyms, jargon, programming languages, tools, architecture, operating systems, networking, theory, conventions, standards, mathematics, telecoms, electronics, institutions, companies, projects, products, history, in fact anything you might expect to find in a computer dictionary. How many nibbles are in a byte?

12. The ARPANET 's development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. [|What do we call this network of computers today]?

Homing [|pigeons] carry messages in ancient Greece.
 * 1536**May 4th In a letter Florentine merchant Francesco Lapi uses the @ sign for [|the first time] in recorded history.
 * 1610**Galileo Galilei discovers the moon's terrain and Jupiter's four largest moons. His view of the heavens as a place started a scientific revolution, and would forever change how we view the universe around us.
 * 1819**Danish physicist Hans Christian Orsted discovers that a wire carrying an electric current creates a field that deflects a magnetic needle, a discovery that would eventually lead to the creation of the telegraph.
 * 1837**William F. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone install the first railway telegraph in England.
 * 1844**May 24th Samuel F.B. Morse demonstrated a magnetic telegraph using his Morse Code to send the message 'What hath God wrought' from Baltimore to Washington.

13. In what year was the [|first World-Wide Web software] created by Tim Berners-Lee?


 * Hobbes' Internet Timeline Copyright (c)1993-2006 by Robert H Zakon.** Permission is granted for use of this document in whole or in part for non-commercial purposes as long as this Copyright notice and a link to this document, at the archive listed at the end, is included. A copy of the material the Timeline appears in is requested. For commercial uses, please contact the author first. Links to this document are welcome after e-mailing the author with the document URL where the link will appear. As the Timeline is frequently updated, copies to other locations on the Internet are not permitted.

14. Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information. What was the [|first document] posted?

Project Gutenberg began in 1971 when Michael Hart was given an operator's account with $100,000,000 of computer time in it by the operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the Materials Research Lab at the University of Illinois. This was totally serendipitous, as it turned out that two of a four operator crew happened to be the best friend of Michael's and the best friend of his brother. Michael just happened "to be at the right place at the right time" at the time there was more computer time than people knew what to do with, and those operators were encouraged to do whatever they wanted with that fortune in "spare time" in the hopes they would learn more for their job proficiency. At any rate, Michael decided there was nothing he could do, in the way of "normal computing," that would repay the huge value of the computer time he had been given ... so he had to create $100,000,000 worth of value in some other manner. An hour and 47 minutes later, he announced that the greatest value created by computers would not be computing, but would be the storage, retrieval, and searching of what was stored in our libraries.

15. When were [|floppy disks] introduced? The hard disk drive has short and fascinating history. In 24 years it evolved from a monstrosity with fifty two-foot diameter disks holding five MBytes (5,000,000 bytes) of data to today's drives measuring 3 /12 inches wide and an inch high (and smaller) holding 400 GBytes (400,000,000,000 bytes/characters). Here, then, is the short history of this marvelous device. Before the disk drive there were drums... In 1950 Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis built the first commercial magnetic drum storage unit for the U.S. Navy, the ERA 110. It could store one million bits of data and retrieve a word in 5 thousandths of a second

16. How many [|megabytes] of data can a factory made audio CD hold? A CD is only a medium on which to store information; you can think of it as a very large, write-protected floppy disk. The difference is that, while DOS floppy and hard disks are written using the DOS file format, CD-ROMs are written using a standard format called ISO 9660. This standard is so widely accepted that it can be read back on any computer platform including DOS, Macintosh, and UNIX. This is one of the advantages of ISO 9660.

17. Douglas Engelbart was a computer visionary of the 1960's. [|What did he invent] that you find handy?

Years before personal computers and desktop information processing became commonplace or even practicable, Douglas Carl Engelbart had invented a number of interactive, user-friendly information access systems that we take for granted today: the computer mouse, windows, shared-screen teleconferencing, hypermedia, groupware, and more

18. What is a [|computer virus]? From: tanstaafl@pobox.com (Nick) Newsgroups: news.newusers.questions, alt.newbie, alt.newbies Subject: Computer Virus FAQ for New Users Date: 18 Jul 1999 12:02:46 GMT Message-ID:  Summary: A non-technical introduction to computer viruses and Trojan horse programs. X-Last-Updated: 1999/06/13 Archive-name: computer-virus/new-users Posting-Frequency: weekly Computer Virus FAQ for New Users This FAQ answers some of the questions that new users ask about computer viruses and Trojan horse programs. It also tries to clear up some common misconceptions about viruses and E-mail. If you need help with a virus infection or want more advanced information about viruses, please see 'Dealing with virus infections:' and 'Sources of additional information: near the end of this FAQ. And if you don't read anything else, at least read the very first topic: "Why should I care...".

Read more: []

19. Name three [|computer peripherals]. Any external device that plugs into your computer, such as a printer, modem, scanner, or tape drive

20. What does [|GUI] (pronounced "goo-ey") mean? A GUI (usually pronounced GOO-ee) is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer. As you read this, you are looking at the GUI or graphical user interface of your particular Web [|browser]. The term came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented and usually consisted of commands you had to remember and computer responses that were infamously brief. The command interface of the [|DOS] operating system (which you can still get to from your Windows operating system) is an example of the typical user-computer interface before GUIs arrived. An intermediate step in user interfaces between the command line interface and the GUI was the non-graphical //menu-based interface//, which let you interact by using a [|mouse] rather than by having to type in keyboard commands.

21 What is an advantage of the [|Dvorak keyboard?] The Dvorak keyboard layout is a **free** control panel option on every modern computer. Dvorak is a vastly more comfortable and efficient alternative to the old-standard "QWERTY" pattern, which was designed in the 1800s with no effective attempt at typing comfort. Most accomplished QWERTY typists don't want to retrain on a new keyboard layout. That's OK! But some typists don't do so well with QWERTY, and there are always kids and new typists who could learn to type more easily in Dvorak. In spite of this, many still struggle to learn QWERTY instead. Most new typists start with QWERTY because they don't know that the Dvorak layout exists, or because they have been misled into thinking it's useless. Some are afraid they'll encounter a school or workplace where using Dvorak is not allowed. A few seem to be afraid of leaving the herd, of not conforming to the behavior that's expected of them.

22. How did [|Marcian Hoff's] invention change computers? Look him up using Inventor Search. A seemingly simple idea sometimes can become an incredibly successful, mass-market product that makes life a little bit easier for millions. Such is the case with Rubber Bandits®, oversized rubber bands equipped with tear-resistant, waterproof labels, created by self-described “idea czar” Adrian Chernoff in 2004.

Do all computers include one of his inventions?

23. Apple Computer's G4 is a supercomputer because its operations can be measured in gigaflops. [|What is a gigaflop]? A measure of computing speed equal to one billion floating-point operations per second 24. Name a mammal, other than humans, uses a computer. (Use your online research skills to find Project Delphis)

25. This [|teacher's web page] is an example of: You are now required to make use of your internet research skills again. Please record your answers to the following questions in a new Microsoft Word document. ** Save your work as “U1_lastname_firstname.doc”. ** Send this file to the Instructor for evaluation. Ensure that the answers to the following questions are answered i__n your own words__